Skip to Main Content

IEEE Referencing Guide: Images & Figures

IEEE Referencing Guide

Header - Audiovisual Media

Images & Figures

Audiovisual Media - Images & Figures

Images & Figures

This guidance is for citing and referencing images and figures that you are referring to in your work. If you wish to insert an image or figure into your work please see: Images section

 

Notes
  • In some cases you may need to use the screen name of the creator if their real name is not available, which may be the case with image sharing or social media websites.
  • If a person or corporation cannot be identified as the artist/creator, omit the artist/creator and start the reference with the title.
  • If a title cannot be identified, add a description with enough details to make a meaningful title and enclose in square brackets, e.g. [Organic solar cell].
  • Some online journal articles group multiple figures together as one downloadable image. If you are only referring to one of the figures within the image, make this clear by using the title of that particular figure in your citation/reference.
  • Include a description of the image/figure, e.g. [poster], [photograph], [print], [diagram], [table], etc.
  • If you are referencing an image or figure from a source other than those listed above, include the details of the source in the usual format for that item type after the details of the image.
  • You don't need to include a citation and reference for any images or figures that you have created yourself. Everything in your work is assumed to be your own work unless you state otherwise, i.e. by citing someone else's work

 

From a book/ebook

[  ] Artist/Creator INITIAL(S). Surname, “Title of image/figure” [description],           in Title of Book, Author of book (if different to Artist/Creator) INITIAL(S).          Surname, Place of publisher, Country: Publisher, Year, page number. [If            online] Available: URL or doi:

Example

[38]  M. Hardy and A. Bryman, “Summary of the characteristics of the four types of variable” [table],           in Handbook of Data Analysis, London, UK: Sage, 2004, p. 19.

 

From a journal

[  ] Artist/Creator INITIAL(S). Surname, “Title of image/figure” [description], in         “Title of journal article”, Abbrev. Title of Journal, volume, issue number,                page number, Abbrev. Month Year. [If online] Available: URL or doi:

 

Example

[37]  V. Fargnoli, C.G. Gragnano, D. Boldini and A. Amorosi, “Soil constitutive model            parameters” [table], in “3D numerical modelling of soil-structure interaction                  during EPB tunnelling”, Geotechnique, vol. 65, no. 1, p. 30, Jan. 2015. doi:                   https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.14.P.091

 

From an online collection/social media site, e.g. Flickr, Instagram, etc

 

Example

[  ] Artist/Creator INITIAL(S). Surname OR Screen name, “Title of image/figure”,       Year [description]. Name of site. URL (Accessed: Abbrev. Month. Day, Year).

 

Full Reference for the Reference List

[35] mashpriborintorg, “Avionics board with hybrid modules”, 2010 [digital image].               Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/64683169@N00/5150694637 (Accessed:             Jan. 12, 2022).

 

IEEE Referencing Guide: A - Z